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From the late nineteenth century through the mid-twentieth century, American physicians treated women and girls for masturbation by removing the clitoris (clitoridectomy) or clitoral hood (female circumcision). During this same time, and continuing to today, physicians also performed female circumcision to enable women to reach orgasm. Though used as treatment, paradoxically, for both a perceived excessive sexuality and a perceived lack of sexual responsiveness, these surgeries reflect a consistent medical conception of the clitoris as a sexual organ. In recent years the popular media and academics have commented on the rising popularity in the United States of female genital cosmetic surgeries, including female circumcision, yet these discussions often assume such procedures are new. In Female Circumcision and Clitoridectomy in the United States: A History of a Medical Treatment, Sarah Rodriguez presents an engaging and surprising history of surgeries on the clitoris, revealing how medical views of the female body and female sexuality have changed -- and in some cases not changed -- throughout the last century and a half. Sarah B. Rodriguez is lecturer in medical humanities and bioethics and in global health studies at Northwestern University.
- Sales Rank: #2545983 in Books
- Published on: 2014-10-01
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.02" h x .81" w x 5.98" l, .0 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 292 pages
Review
I recommend Female Circumcision and Clitoridectomy in the United States to readers who want to know more about clitoral surgeries in the American context. The book would also make an excellent teaching tool; it would fit well on syllabi for women's history, the history of medicine, or the history of sex. NURSING CLIO Rodriguez vividly and persuasively places the clitoris at the center of a centuries-long medical debate about what's wrong with the female body, and how it can be surgically adapted to androcentric sexual norms. Required reading if you think the barbaric days of genital cutting are in the American past. --Rachel Maines, author of The Technology of Orgasm: "Hysteria," the Vibrator, and Women's Sexual Satisfaction
About the Author
Sarah B. Rodriguez teaches at Northwestern University in the Medical Humanities and Bioethics Program and in the Global Health Studies Program.
Most helpful customer reviews
5 of 5 people found the following review helpful.
Female circumcision, from masturbation-cure to sex aid.
By B. Wolinsky
Contrary to popular belief, female circumcision was never isolated to the African continent. It was widely practiced in the USA, but unlike the African origin, female circumcision in the USA had nothing to do with keeping wives from straying or making them submissive. It had more to do with paranoid prudishness and fear of criminality. Rodrigues paints a picture of this divisive issue (even then) as being motivated by several unjust philosophies; sexism, prudish mores, racism, and eugenics.
In the chapter Female Sexual Degeneracy and the Enlarged Clitoris, the author refers to prison doctors and their skewed research on female sexual habits. She describes hoe a NY prison doctor described black women as having oversized clitorises, making them hypersexual lesbians. Sarah Baartman, an enslaved African woman, was used by physicians as a highly inaccurate example of the African woman’s body, and these racist physicians made claims that women in hot climates had larger genitalia. As with most medical research as the time, a lot of it was falsified, and physicians were rarely questions or criticized for their theories. This was the same generation of physicians that researched the infamous Kalikak and Jute families in New Jersey.
Fast forward to the 1940’s. Attitudes towards women, though still unequal, had changed. Doctors were now promoting the idea of orgasms as being perfectly healthy for women (perhaps thanks in part to Dr. Kinsey’s research) and doctors were no longer fanatically against the idea of masturbation. It was at this time that doctors looked into removing the clitoral hood as a way for women to achieve greater sexual pleasure. By the 1970’s more and more women were having the clitoral hood removed to increase sexual pleasure, and it worked.
To see the progress in attitudes towards sex, look at the way the USA changed. WWI left loads of men dead, so women flooded into clerical jobs, and the attitude towards women changed. Then the Great Depression hit, and the once powerful church, an institution that had been the biggest welfare provider, was hit hard. Religion was no longer as dominant as it had been before, and thanks to widespread poverty, birth control, in whatever form existed, became widely accepted. In fact, birth control was so widely practiced in the Depression, that the era is referred to as the “baby bust.” Then came WWII, women entered the workforce, and the role of women changed further.
Sarah Rodriguez’ book is well-researched, fair, balanced, and highly detailed. It uses the idea of female circumcision as an example of the changes going on in US history.
3 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
Well researched, well cited, easy to read. Left me wanting to learn more.
By Ashley
I recently returned to school for bioethics and have focused (mostly) on the ethics of infant male circumcision thus far. It soon become apparent that to be accurate and effective in my discussion of the ethics of male circumcision, I'd need to have a thorough understanding of female and intersex genital surgeries as well.
This book was the perfect detailed summary of female genital cutting in the United States. It is an easy read, well cited, and organized chronologically which helps me compare the attitudes toward the female genitals and sexuality with those of males at the same time. Since my main focus has been on male genital cutting, there were several points I was craving a mention of the male parallel, but understand that's not the focus of the book so it's certainly not an oversight. I do feel like the author could have/should have addressed cosmetic genital surgeries (the ones she touched on briefly in the introduction) performed by plastic surgeons in the US in more depth. Then again, that may have strayed too far from her focus on the clitoral hood and clitoris itself as only hoodectomy would fall in that scope.
I would be interested in reading a book (perhaps this means I should write it) focusing on the legal aspects of female circumcision and clitoridectomy in the US and abroad and the legal double standard in how the FGM laws are applied to women from developing countries compared to American or European women. Example: an American woman wanting her labia trimmed (labiaplasty which falls in the definition of FGM Type II) is making an autonomous decision about cosmetic enhancement (based on what is culturally considered attractive or normal) to her body while an African woman wanting to have her labia trimmed (also based on what is culturally considered attractive or normal) is a victim of her culture and mutilated.
Overall, a very well researched and well written book I hope will help open the eyes of those who think FGM is only done in "uncivilized" countries.
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